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The Hala'ib Triangle (also spelled ''Halayeb ''; (アラビア語:مثلث حلايب) ' ) is an area of land measuring located on the Red Sea's African coast. The area, which takes its name from the town of Hala'ib, is created by the difference in the Egypt–Sudan border between the "political boundary" set in 1899 by the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, which runs along the 22nd parallel north, and the "administrative boundary" set by the British in 1902,〔 which gave administrative responsibility for an area of land north of the line to Sudan, which was an Anglo-Egyptian client at the time. With the independence of Sudan in 1956, both Egypt and Sudan claimed sovereignty over the area. Since the mid-1990s, Egypt has exercised ''de facto'' effective administration of the area as part of the Red Sea Governorate, following the deployment of Egyptian military units there in the 1990s, and has been actively investing in it.〔("CIA World Fact Book - Egypt" )〕 The description of the area as a "triangle" is a rough approximation. Only the southern demarcation, which follows latitude 22°, is a straight line. While the whole area is north of the 22-degree line, a smaller area south of latitude 22°, referred to as Bir Tawil, joins the Hala'ib Triangle at its westernmost point along the latitude lineneither Sudan nor Egypt claims Bir Tawil.〔("Colonial Egypt" ) 1912 map〕 The area is sometimes referred to in Egypt as the "Sudan Government Administration Area" or SGAA.〔Meininger, Peter & Stephen Goodman (1996) From the verge of the Western Palearctic: birds of the Gebel Elba area, Egypt ''Dutch Birding'' 18:285-292〕 ==History== In 1899, when the United Kingdom held hegemony in the area, the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium Agreement for Sudan set the political boundary between the territories at the 22nd parallel. However, in 1902 the British drew a separate "administrative boundary," which assigned administration of the territory of the Ababda tribe south of the 22-degree latitude line to Egypt, and gave to Sudan the grazing land of the Beja tribe north of the line to administer. The Sudan-administered territory comprised about 18,000 km2, including the towns of Hala'ib and Abu Ramad. When Sudan became independent in 1956, Egypt regarded the latitude 22° territorial boundary of 1899 as the border between the two countries, while Sudan held to the claimed 1902 administrative boundary. As a result, both Egypt and Sudan claim sovereignty over the territory.〔 〕〔Rongxing Guo. (''Territorial disputes and resource management: a global handbook'' ) Nova Publishers, 2007. pp. 132-133.〕 Conversely, the area south of the line which had been administered by Egypt, Bir Tawil, is a ''terra nullius'', claimed by neither country. In February 1958, two years after Sudanese independence, with Sudan planning to hold elections in the Triangle,〔 President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt sent troops into the disputed region for the referendum of the proposed unification between Egypt and Syria in the United Arab Republic.〔Office of Geography. (''Sudan - Egypt (United Arab Republic) Boundary'' ) International Boundary Study #18, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, United States Department of State. (July 27, 1962).〕〔"Egypt Sends Troops To Sudan, Claim To Part Of Territory, Khartoum Rejects Demand", ''The Times'', February 18, 1958, page 8〕〔"Sudan Rejects Egypt's Ultimatum, Offer To Discuss Border, Legal Rights To Be Defended "Whatever The Cost", ''The Times'', February 19, 1958, page 8〕〔"Nasser Moves South", ''The Times'', February 19, 1958, page 9〕〔"Sudan Sends Appeal To Security Council, 'Huge Infiltration' By Egyptians", ''The Times'', February 21, 1958, page 8〕 but withdrew them the same month.〔"Egyptians Slip Away, Tension Eases On Sudan Frontier", ''The Times'', February 26, 1958, page 7〕 Although both countries continued to lay claim to the land, joint control of the area remained in effect until 1992, when Egypt objected to Sudan’s granting of exploration rights for the waters off the Triangle to a Canadian oil company. Negotiations began, but the company pulled out of the deal until sovereignty was settled.〔("Egypt, Algeria and Tunisia Accuse Sudan, as Hala'ib Dispute Flares Up" ) ''Washington Report'', February 1993, page 33〕 In July 1994, Sudan sent memoranda to the United Nations Security Council, the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) and the Arab League complaining about what it claimed was more than 39 military and administrative incursions by Egypt into Sudanese territory since Sudan had last filed memoranda in May 1993. In January 1995 Egypt rejected a Sudanese request for the OAU Foreign Ministers' Council to review the dispute at their meeting in Addis Ababa.〔Ofcansky, Thomas. "Sudan: Recent History" in 〕 Then, after an unsuccessful assassination attempt on Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak when he arrived in Addis Ababa to attend the meeting, Egypt accused Sudan of complicity, and, among other responses, strengthened its control of the Hala'ib triangle, expelling Sudanese police and other officials.〔〔 In 1998, relations between Egypt and Sudan bettered somewhat, and the countries announced their intention to work together to resolve the Hala'ib Triangle dispute, with increased cooperation between their security forces. Later that year, though, Sudan accused Egypt of harassing Sudanese citizens in the area, a charge which Egypt denied. Nevertheless, by March 1999, the countries were in diplomatic discussions aimed at improving relations between them.〔 During a visit to Egypt by Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir in December 1999, a joint communique was issued pledging to solve the Hala'ib dispute "in an integrational brotherly context..."〔 In January 2000, Sudan withdrew its forces from the area, effectively ceding control of the border zone to Egypt, whose forces have occupied and administered the area since.〔("A View of Sudan from Africa: Monthly Briefing" ), ''The Machakos Protocol'' (August 2002)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hala'ib Triangle」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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